PAKISTAN

   Pakistan

Country: Pakistan

      

Continent:Asia

Population:26.000.000

Population Original: American y Paquistani

1 Pashlan(15,42%)272000000

2 sindihis(14,1%)248000000

3 seraikis(10,53%)14800000

4 emigrados(7,57%) 13300000

5 baloch is(3,59%) 6300000

6 others(4,66%)11100000

Official Language: Urdu, English, Pujabi, Sindhi, Pastun and Balochi

Main cities:Baluchistan, Khyber, Paktunktwa,Punjab,Sindh

Flora and fauna: Pakistan is endowed with a rich and varied flora and fauna.

FAUNA

MAMMALS

Markhor of which there are five distinct kinds, is the national animal of Pakistan. The kind that is photographed the most often is the Chiltan Markhor which, because of its long horns looks very conspicuous. Ever since the Markhor has been given protection its number has multiplied.

Other animals in the park are straight horned markhors, "Gad" (wild sheep) and leopards which occasionally migrate to the park from other areas, wolves, striped hyena, hares, wild cats and porcupines.

Weather: Pakistan is a country in which we spread between three very different climates, the coast, the area of the Himalayas and the plains of the interior, among them being diametrically opposed.

The coastal climate is mild winters and hot summers with high humidity. The monsoon rains of September is the rainiest season in the region, which in summer reaches temperatures around 40 degrees Celsius. April is the month when winter begins, and from November to February, summer, and the best time to visit this area of the country.

Inside, find a desert climate, very cold in winter and extreme heat during the summer, with maximum and minimum temperatures ranging from 0 degrees to over 40 degrees Celsius. In the high mountain area, we find the typical atmosphere of the Himalayas, extreme cold, more or less pronounced depending on the height.

BAHAMAS

Bahamas

Country: Bahamas

Continent: Central America and the Caribbean

Population: 313.312

Oficial language: English (official) and indigenous languages​​, Creole.

Weather: The Bahamas has a tropical and subtropical climate between, being moderated by the influence of the waters of the Gulf Stream, especially in the Winter. These islands, like all the West Indies suffer the Hurricanes, which season lasts from late summer to late Autumn.  HurricaneAndrew hit the northern islands in 1992, almost all the Floyd in 1999, and Frances, in 2004, is considered one of the worst.

Flora and fauna: Because of its altitude and rainfall on the island, Dominica has a varied and abundant vegetation.Forests are considered the most extensive in the Lesser Antilles. Over 60% of the island is still under some form of natural vegetation.

The native flora includes more than a thousand species of plants including 74 species of orchids and 200 ferns.

The flowers complemented by sight, color and perfume, the landscape of Dominica, and besides the great variety of orchids, you can see begonias,gingers, heliconia and fruit trees.

The plants seen along the east coast are the BwaKwaib scarlet Savonnet purple, and many others.

    It has a varied fauna typical of the latitude at whichit is located.

They are about 172 species of birds.

In its acres of gardens you can see 55 different species of butterflies flying the colorful flowers.

There are no poisonous snakes on the island, butelusive boa lives there. They also have their habitatherons, frogs, iguanas and crabs.

There are several species of whales and dolphins in the waters around Dominica.

In the coral reefs in the waters around Dominica, live varieties of sponges, corals and tropical fish.Shellfish and marine plants add to the biodiversity of the island. Also many species of shrimp and fishfood.

Also among the species that populate the island, stands the hawk (Buteo platypterus), whichappears frequently flying over wooded areas.

Hummingbird species also abound that the "jugularis of Eulampis" can often be seen sippingnectar from flowers.

The Barn Owl, which is widely distributed in the world can be heard in Dominica, although it isdifficult to see.

The mammals that inhabit the island are two: theagouti and manicou (a type of possum or opossum- marsupial).

AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIA

Name: Australia

Capital: Canberra

Largest city: Sydney

Official Languages: English

 Total population:
 
22,000,000 inhabitants.

Currency: Australian Dollar

   The history of Australia began with the arrival of humans to mainland Australia from the north for more than 42,000 years (or even 68,000, according to some studies) .Despite having been seen since the sixteenth century by Portuguese and Spanish sailors, who by strategic reasons had kept their discovery secret,written history only began with the Dutch explorers sighted in the seventeenth century. They, however, hinted that the southern land was uninhabitable andunsuitable for settlement, leaving the way open for subsequent British expeditions.The interpretation of Australian history is still an issue today, particularly in regardto the treatment of Aborigines by settlers

FLORA AND FAUNA

Main article: Australian Wildlife


The koala and the eucalyptus of Australia's iconic couple.
While much of Australia is desert or semi-arid, there exists a great diversity of habitats, from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. Due to the great age of thecontinent, the low fertility of its soil, its different climates vary and its long isolationfrom other continents, the Australian biota is unique and diverse. About 85% offlowering plants, 84% of mammals, over 45% of birds, and 90% of fish intemperate coastal areas are endémicos.27 Many of Australia's ecoregions andnative species that live there are threatened by human activities and the introduction of exotic species. The Environmental Protection Act and BiodiversityConservation 1999 is the legal framework used for the protection of endangered species. Many protected areas have been created by the Action Plan for Biodiversity to protect and conserve the continent's unique ecosystems, 64wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention and there are also 16 sitesdeclared World Heritage Site. Australia is ranked No. 13 in the world in theEnvironmental Sustainability Index 2005.

Culture in Australia

The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be declared a Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO (United Nations organization for education, science, and culture) in 2004.The primary basis of Australian culture was Anglo-Celtic until the mid-twentieth century, although the Australians had gone traits acquired from the environment and Aboriginal culture. Over the past 50 years, Australian culture has been strongly influenced by American popular culture (particularly television and cinema), for large-scale immigration from non anglophones and neighboring Asian countries. The vigor and originality of the arts in Australia - films, opera, music, painting, theater, dance and crafts - have achieved international recognition.Australia has a long history in relation to the visual arts that begins with cave paintings made by the Indians. Since the time of European settlement in the Australian landscape has been a common theme in the national art, which is evident in the work of Arthur Streeton, Arthur Boyd and Albert Namatjira, among others. Aboriginal traditions are transmitted primarily in oral form (oral tradition) and are closely related to ceremonies and stories about the time of dreams.Music, dance and art of Aboriginal Australians have a significant influence on the visual arts and contemporary Australia. The nation has an active tradition of music, ballet and theater, many of the performing arts companies receive public funding through the Australia Council for the Arts. There is an orchestra in each capital city and a national opera company, Opera Australia, which it acquired importance thanks to the opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland, Australia's music includes classical music, jazz and many other genres of music popular.The literature of Australia has also been influenced by the landscape, for example, works of writers such as Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson. The character of colonial Australia, reaffirmed by the country's literature, a large impact on the modern stage of the nation and was noted for its egalitarianism and anti-authoritarianism. In 1973 Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, becoming the only Australian to receive this award, is recognized as one of the greatest English writers of the twentieth century. Australian English is a greater variety of English grammar and spelling are largely based on British English, phrases and expressions with a rich vernacular and unique vocabulary.Australia has two national public issuers (the ABC and SBS), three commercial television networks, three pay TV services, and numerous television and public radio stations. The cinema of Australia has achieved critical and commercial success. Every major city has its own daily newspapers, there are also two national daily newspapers: The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.According to Reporters Without Borders, in 2005 the Commonwealth was at number 31 in the world in terms of press freedom ranking on the list below New Zealand (9 th) and the United Kingdom (28 th), but over the United States. The fact that it takes that position, not very high, mainly due to the limited diversity in media ownership. Most of the print media is under the control of the News Corporation, or of John Fairfax Holdings.

BANGLADESH

Bangladesh

Capital: Dhaka

Area: 55,599 mi2

Population: 205,093,861

Language: Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English.

Literacy: 6% total, 63% male, 49% female

History:



Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years [5], when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bengali" or "Bengal" is unknown, although it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around 1000 BC.

After the arrival of the Indo-Aryans, the kingdom of Gangaridai formed from at least the seventh century BC, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha and Maurya Empires. Bengal was later part of the Gupta Empire from the third to the sixth centuries CE.After its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive yet short-lived kingdom. Shashanka is considered the first independent king in the history of Bangladesh. After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four years, followed by a short reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty.Islam was introduced in Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim conquest helped spread Islam throughout the region.Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal . The region was ruled by dynasties of Sultans and feudal lords for the next hundred years. In the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial center of Mughal administration.

European traders arrived late in the 15th century, and their influence grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.The bloody rebellion of 1857, known as the Sepoy Mutiny, resulted in thetransfer of authority to the crown, with a British viceroy running administration.During colonial rule, famine struck the Indian subcontinent many times, including the Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.

 

Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka is the capital of Eastern India was divided in 1947 zone.When, Bengal was divided along religious lines, with the western part going to India and eastern Pakistan to join as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.

In 1950, land reform was carried out in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal system.However zamindari, despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, the Pakistani government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.Dissatisfaction with the central government economic and cultural rights continued to increase throughout the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s and in 1966, its president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was imprisoned, was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising.



In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population anger is compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections, was blocked from taking office. After the talks on stage commitment to Mujib, President Yahya Khan arrested him on the morning of March 26, 1971, and launched Operation Searchlight. a sustained military assault on East Pakistan. Yahya methods are extremely bloody, and the violence of war resulted in many civilian deaths. Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about ten million refugees fled to neighboring India (LaPorte, p. 103).Estimates of those massacred during the war range from three hundred thousand to 3 million euros.

Most of Awami League leaders fled and established a government in exile in Calcutta, India. The Bangladesh Liberation War lasted for nine months. The guerrilla Mukti Bahini and Bengali usual finally received the support of the Indian armed forces in December 1971. The Indian Army under the command of Lt. General JS Aurora, won a decisive victory in Pakistan on December 16, 1971, taking over 90,000 prisoners of war [20] in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971.

After independence, Bangladesh became a parliamentary democracy, with Mujib as the Prime Minister. In the 1973 parliamentary elections, the Awami League won an absolute majority. A nationwide famine occurred during 1973 and 1974 and early 1975, Mujib initiated a socialist party with his newly formed state BAKSAL. On August 15, 1975, Mujib and his family were murdered in mid-level military officers.

A series of bloody coups and counter-coups in the following three months culminated in the rise to power of General Ziaur Rahman, who reinstated multi-party politics and founded the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Zia's rule ended when he was assassinated in 1981 by members of the armed forces.Bangladesh the next major ruler was General Hossain Mohammad Ershad, who seized power in a bloodless coup in 1982 and ruled until 1990, when he was forced to resign under western donor pressure in a major change in international politics after the end of communism, when anti-communist dictators were no longer considered necessary. Since then, Bangladesh has become a parliamentary democracy. Zia's widow, Khaleda Zia, led the Bangladesh Nationalist Party to parliamentary victory in general elections in 1991 and became the first female Prime Minister in the history of Bangladesh. However, the Awami League led by Sheikh Hasina, one of Mujib's surviving daughters, clinched power in the next elections in 1996 but lost to the Bangladesh Nationalist Party again in 2001. These two female ex-prime ministers are now in prison in a sub-jail, because of its alleged links with corruption.

On January 11, 2007, after widespread violence, a caretaker government was appointed to administer the next general election.The country has suffered from widespread corruption, lawlessness and political violence. The new government has made it a priority to eradicate corruption at all levels of government. To this end, many notable politicians and officials, along with numerous minor officials and party members have been arrested on corruption charges. The government argues that it is paving the way for free and fair elections to be held before the end of 2008.

Climate:
The climate is tropical, mild winter (October-March), hot, humid summers (March to June) rainy monsoon moist, warm (June to October).

Economy: Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries.
Bangladesh's economy depends on agriculture.
Due to frequent cyclones and floods affecting the country's economy to grow is hindered. However, the bumper crops of rice and expansion of industrial exports of clothing, have helped a small growth.
Fishing is also an important sector in the economy of Bangladesh.
Tourism is an economic resource at least in Bangladesh. However, more and more tourists travel to the country. Most visitors are from India, Pakistan, Japan, UK and USA.